Negotiations

Origin of the writing system and alphabets of Punjabi and Urdu

Dr. Ahmad Shahzad — 2025-12-31

The writing system can be said to be the greatest invention after language. The initial writing system was simple and certain pictures were specified for certain ideas. Afterward, those pictures were named specifically, and pictorial profiles were created for effective communication. Hence, the writing system has evolved over a long period of time and is transformed into the modern writing system. Languages were just a combination of a few sounds initially. The constant repetition of these sounds turned them into letters which are termed alphabets in the Dictionary of Linguistics. In addition to the origin of writing system, this paper also delves deep into the origin and evolution of Punjabi and Urdu scriptures and alphabets. Punjabi and Urdu scripts are also regarded as Arabic-Persian scripts. Punjabi and Urdu alphabets are created after making additions to Persian letters. Different experts in Linguistics argue that owing to the changes in languages through the ages, there is a difference in the number of Punjabi and Urdu alphabets which is the fundamental research question in this paper.

Sikh Punjabi poets of Lahore

Ghulam Sabir — 2025-12-31

Literature is a pure and refined art through which a poet or writer expresses emotions, thoughts, and feelings by means of language. Broadly, literature is divided into two basic forms: poetry and prose. Poetry is the earliest form of literary expression and is closely connected with the early stages of human civilization. When human beings first became familiar with language, they expressed their inner feelings through poetic forms. One of the major strengths of poetry is its power of compression, as ideas that require several pages in prose can often be conveyed in a few poetic lines. Poetry, therefore, is a natural creative impulse that emerges spontaneously, much like the freshness of spring.Lahore has remained a prominent center of knowledge, literature, and intellectual activity since ancient times. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, known for its historical, cultural, and political significance. In Punjab, almost all major social, political, and literary movements have originated from Lahore. The city has produced numerous great poets, writers, and artists, reflecting the creative vitality of its land. Lahore is also distinguished by its cultural and religious diversity, where people of different faiths coexist harmoniously. Sikh poets and writers, in particular, have made invaluable contributions to the promotion and development of Punjabi language and literature. This research article focuses on prominent Sikh Punjabi poets of Lahore and their literary services.

A Critical Analysis of the Novel Khattan Wich Qaid Mahabbat

Dr. Saima Batool — 2025-12-31

This article presents a critical and emotional overview of the Punjabi novel Khattan Wich Qaid Mahabbat (Love Imprisoned in Letters) by Dr. Ghazanfar Hussain. Although the title suggests a romantic narrative, the novel is essentially a historical and tragic account rooted in the trauma of the 1947 Partition of Punjab. The story revolves around Ghulam Hussain and Sughra, two deeply connected souls whose love is shattered by forced migration, violence, and separation. Their relationship survives only through letters, which become a source of life, hope, and spiritual continuity for them. Through vivid language and the use of rare Punjabi words, idioms, and cultural references, the novelist preserves linguistic heritage and regional identity. Characters like Baba Khair Din symbolize social evil and hypocrisy, highlighting how love is often destroyed by societal forces. Beyond personal love, the novel addresses broader themes of peace, coexistence, education, book culture, and humanism. References to historical harmony between religions and the Kartarpur Corridor emphasize reconciliation and hope. Ultimately, Khattan wich Qaid Mahabbat stands as a collective story of countless Punjabis torn apart by Partition, affirming that true love, memory, and faith can transcend time, borders, and political divisions.

An Analytical Study of the Disintegration of Progressive Idealism in the Urdu Short Story ‘Barah Ghantay’ (Twelve Hours)

Dr. Ghulam Farida — 2025-12-31

Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, a prominent figure of the Progressive Writers’ Movement, examines class oppression, social reform, and psychological conflict in his short story “Barah Ghantay”. The narrative centers on revolutionary Vijay Singh during his brief twelve-hour release, a period that exposes the tension between ideological commitment and human vulnerability. This temporary freedom becomes a critical space where personal emotions challenge rigid political ideals. Employing Deconstruction and Marxist Feminism as analytical frameworks, the study explores how the text reveals underlying contradictions related to time, power, and gender relations. Although the story appears to advocate progressive and revolutionary ideals, a closer reading uncovers unconscious reinforcements of patriarchal authority and emotional dependence. The portrayal of gender roles and psychological fragility complicates the narrative’s ideological stance. Ultimately, “Barah Ghantay” reflects not only the struggle against social oppression but also the internal fractures and limitations inherent within progressive ideology itself.

Modern Trends in Translation (with Reference to the Urdu Language)

Dr. Muhammad Asim — 2025-12-31

This research paper presents an overview of modern trends in translation studies, with reference to the Urdu language in the present digital era. The modern translation technologies like Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) tools have been analyzed along with the progression of Machine Translation (MT) from Rule Based to Neural systems and the dominant role of Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT. The drawbacks of these tools have been highlighted regarding their applicability to the Urdu language due to its composite linguistic structure and cultural association. The new role of modern translator has been pointed out, equipped with requisite skills assisted by the current translation tools. The moral, legal, and social issues associated with the AI-based translation have been discussed, including status of copyright, accountability, and cultural bias. It appears that the literary translations carried out with the help of modern tools are weak in terms of communicating real essence of original text to the reader. The study suggests that translation tools can be used to prepare initial draft of a translation to be polished by applying the human intellect. The paper concludes by suggesting the hybrid human-AI model, real-time translation, and development of advanced localized translation tools.

The Depiction of Declining Indo-Muslim Civilization in the Novel "Ghalib"

Atif Shabbir — 2025-12-31

This research paper analyzes the decline of Indo-Muslim civilization as depicted in Qazi Abdus Sattar’s historical novel "Ghalib". By blending literary narrative with historical evidence, the study explores the tragic collapse of the Mughal Empire during the 1857 War of Independence. It identifies the primary causes of this downfall as the political helplessness of the King, the rise of incompetent officials, and the devastating role of internal spies who betrayed the state for personal gain. Furthermore, the paper examines how economic crisis, famine, and social fragmentation accelerated the ruin of Delhi’s shared culture. The research concludes that the fall of this civilization was not just a military defeat but a profound moral and administrative failure, leaving behind a cultural loss that still resonates in the history and literature of the subcontinent.

A Critical Review of Azad Mehdi’s Novel ‘Aik Din ki Zindgi’

Dr. Aqsa Amir White — 2025-12-31

Azad Mehdi is one of the prominent novelists of the contemporary literary scene. He began his literary journey with poetry, where he developed a sensitive awareness of language, rhythm, and human emotions. However, very soon he was drawn toward novel writing, as this genre allowed him greater space to explore social realities in depth. In his fiction, social confusion, contradictions, and irregularities are presented with remarkable boldness and honesty. Azad Mehdi does not idealize life; rather, he exposes its harsh truths through the lens of social realism. His novel “Aik Din ki Zindgi” is a significant example of this approach. The novel reflects the clear influence of the Progressive Movement, both in subject matter and narrative style. Issues such as social inequality, moral decay, and the psychological struggles of individuals are woven subtly into the storyline. These issues are not imposed directly; instead, they are presented in a covert and artistic manner, which keeps the reader engaged and allows the novelist’s viewpoint to emerge naturally. Azad Mehdi writes like a skilled painter, creating vivid scenes and lifelike characters, so that images form effortlessly before the reader’s eyes, making the novel both meaningful and aesthetically powerful.

Neo-Marxism in 21st Century Urdu Short Stories

Muhammad Shoaib Khan — 2025-12-31

This article examines the representation Neo-Marxism in 21st century Urdu short Stories. The rapidly changing economics, social, and political landscape. This study explores the presence and signifies of neo Marxism provides critical stories. Neo Marxism provides a critical framework to examine class conflict, economic exploitation, power structures and social inequalities in contemporary society society, though an analysis of selected Urdu short stories, this research highlights how written gap between the rich and the poor, the alienation of the individual, and the struggle of marginalized groups. The study revels that Urdu function not only reflects social realities but also critiques the ideological forces that shape them. By exposing the mechanisms of power and economic control, neo Marxism of in understanding the deeper socio political message embedded in Urdu short fiction. The finding show that Urdu short story servers as a dynamic literary site where resistance.

Realism in Pre-Progressive Movement Urdu Short Stories

Aasma — 2025-12-31

The tradition of realism in Urdu Fiction has existed almost since its very beginning, and evidence of its presence can be found in every literary period. Some less perceptive critics associate it solely with the Progressive Writers’ Movement, which is not entirely correct. Although realism developed more rapidly and expanded during that period, it did not originate there. Some scholars believe that Sajjad Haider Yildrim was the founder of this trend in Urdu literature, while others consider Premchand to be the first writer to employ this style. However, according to recent research, Allama Rashid-ul-Khairi is regarded as the first fiction writer of Urdu. His story titled “Khadija aur Naseer” was published in 1903 in the literary journal Makhzan.There are several writers who display the romantic temperament of Sajjad Haider Yildrim, while others are dominated by a realist tendency similar to that of Premchand. In the early period of the Urdu short story, Premchand sought a direct connection with life through a broad, universal consciousness. He discovered a level of experience that was both universal and regional, and artistically enduring namely, human nature, which differs between the oppressed classes and the ruling elite. Premchand remained very close to the earthy fragrance of the soil. He used his short stories to depict everyday objects and the simple, natural contours of society. Therefore, his impressions of character are very clear and vivid.

Elements of supplication and invocation in the Naat poetry of non-Muslim Naat poets

Dr. Almas Khanum — 2025-12-31

Naat, as a distinguished genre of Urdu poetry, has traditionally served as an expression of devotion, reverence, and spiritual attachment to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). One of its most significant thematic dimensions is istighasa, the act of supplication, appeal, and seeking intercession in moments of distress. Historically, istighasa in Naat has been rooted in the belief in the Prophet’s mercy, spiritual authority, and his role as a source of guidance and solace for humanity. While this tradition is commonly associated with Muslim devotional poetry, it is noteworthy that several non-Muslim Urdu poets have also engaged deeply with this poetic and spiritual mode of expression. This paper explores the lesser studied phenomenon of istighasa in the Naatiya poetry of prominent non-Muslim Urdu poets. It highlights how these poets, despite belonging to different religious backgrounds, express profound reverence for the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and present heartfelt appeals before him. Their poetic invocations transcend religious boundaries and reflect a shared human longing for compassion, justice, and spiritual refuge. Through a close textual analysis, the study examines various dimensions of istighasa including emotional intensity, ethical admiration, symbolic devotion, and universal humanitarian appeal in selected Naats composed by renowned non-Muslim poets of Urdu literature.

A Critical Review of Shaukat Sabz Wari's Linguistic Contributions

Ghulam Farid — 2025-12-31

Shaukat Sabzwari was a prominent Urdu linguist, critic, and researcher who earned wide recognition in the Urdu world for his significant contributions to Urdu linguistics, grammatical studies, and the historical evolution of the Urdu language. His deep commitment, intellectual passion, and analytical insight into linguistics became evident with the publication of his seminal doctoral thesis, The Evolution of the Urdu Language, which was completed at the University of Dhaka in 1956. Although originally written as a PhD dissertation, the scholarly depth and clarity of its linguistic discussions elevated it to a foundational text in Urdu linguistics.Sabzwari’s approach combined historical, structural, and descriptive methods, enabling him to examine Urdu not merely as a literary medium but as a living and evolving language. His later works, including Dastan-e-Zaban-e-Urdu, Linguistic Issues, and Urdu Linguistics, further strengthened his position as a leading authority in the field. These books addressed phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantic development, offering systematic explanations of linguistic principles relevant to Urdu. Due to his sustained scholarly output and methodological rigor, Shaukat Sabzwari came to be widely regarded as a pioneering linguist of Urdu. In recognition of his invaluable services to Urdu linguistics, he was honored with prestigious awards, including the Daudabi Inam, which further affirmed his lasting academic legacy.

Freedom of Women and Iqbal’s thought

Dr. Mubashir Hussain — 2025-12-31

It is regrettable that during the period of decline, the Muslim world became increasingly influenced by the negative and disruptive effects of Western civilization. This influence extended beyond political and economic spheres and penetrated deeply into the moral, cultural, and familial structures of Muslim societies. One of its most significant manifestations was the emergence of so-called women’s freedom movements, which spread rapidly across Muslim regions such as Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Algeria, Indonesia, and the Indian Subcontinent. Under the banner of liberation and equality, these movements often challenged the moral framework provided by Islam, promoting unrestricted freedom and social practices alien to Islamic values. This led to the weakening of family institutions and a growing trend of unrestrained social interaction. In this critical context, Allama Muhammad Iqbal emerged as a visionary thinker who critically examined Western feminism and articulated an alternative Islamic perspective on women’s dignity and freedom. This article analyzes Iqbal’s views on women’s freedom, highlighting his critique of Western civilization and his emphasis on moral restraint, family stability, and spiritual integrity. It argues that Iqbal did not oppose women’s education or social participation; rather, he rejected unrestrained freedom that undermines ethical values and the collective strength of the Muslim Ummah.

A Review of the Aesthetic Aspects of Literature

Yasir Mehmood — 2025-12-31

Aesthetics was born from philosophy, which includes the creation of beauty and all kinds of natural beauty in the world and its constituent elements and their effects on the mind, nerves and soul. When beauty was formed and interpreted through reason, the knowledge of aesthetics came into existence. When the emotions and feelings related to beauty were expressed on a creative level, many types of poetry were born. The creative reaction between emotions and feelings is called aesthetics. The evolution of aesthetics has been a branch of the mind. From a creative point of view, the creator evaluated the social attitudes and the colors of nature on the basis of beauty and quality, then beauty and feelings were born, which requires aesthetics. In this way, man expressed his emotions in his life with aesthetic taste.In Urdu literature, from Amir Khusrau to Mir, Ghalib, Iqbal and later poets, modern poets also accepted the influence. In short, aesthetics has its own special place in Urdu literature. This includes the reflection of attitudes in literature. After passing through the five senses, the sixth sense has been made the center of sight. In a trinity, aesthetics is a reflection of the creator, the critic and the reader. The color and reflection of aesthetics is important in literature. In the present moment, aesthetic literature requires humanitarianism and human friendship. The creator creates nature itself. It is an observation of real human life and values.

An Analytical Study of the Concept of Woman in the Selected Poems of Noon Meem Rashid in the Light of Erich Fromm’s Theory of Aggression

Sumaira Anwar — 2025-12-31

This article analyzes the poetry of Noon Meem Rashid through the theoretical framework of Erich Fromm’s concept of human aggression. Fromm rejects aggression as an innate instinct and interprets it as a product of social alienation, emotional deprivation, and the denial of freedom. His distinction between benign (defensive) and malignant (destructive) aggression provides a useful lens to examine Rashid’s modernist poetry. The study explores how Rashid’s poems, particularly “Main Ise Waqif-e-Ulfat Na Karoon,” “Intiqaam,” and “Bekaran Raat Ke Sannatay Mein,” reflect psychological conflict, suppressed desire, and power-driven relationships. Special attention is given to the representation of woman as a symbolic and often objectified figure, which aligns with Fromm’s notion of destructive aggression arising from the loss of love and human connectedness. The article argues that Rashid’s poetry transcends personal emotion and functions as a critique of modern society, exposing the psychological roots of violence, alienation, and existential anxiety.

Lexicology and Semantics: A Study

Dr. Syed Badshah-i-Mulk — 2025-12-31

Language and literature share a relationship so profound and indivisible that one can scarcely exist in its fullest glory without the other. Language is not merely the medium through which literature breathes; it is its very bloodstream, its architecture, its music, and frequently it’s most piercing content. When a master like Mushtaq Ahmad Yousufi takes up the pen, this symbiotic bond reaches it’s most exquisite and irreplaceable expression. In Shaam-e-Sher-e-Yaran, we witness once again how an extraordinarily refined, playful, ironic, yet deeply cultured language becomes not just the vehicle but also the very protagonist of the literary experience. Yousufi demonstrates perhaps more convincingly than any other Urdu prose writer of the last century that great literature is born where extraordinary linguistic sensibility meets philosophical depth, cultural memory, and unrelenting intellectual mischief. It is therefore not an exaggeration to say that any serious reading of Shaam-e-Sher-e-Yaran is simultaneously an education in the almost limitless possibilities of the Urdu language and a humbling encounter with what literature, at its highest, can still achieve in an age of haste and impoverishment of expression.